Chapter 8

how do Search Engines work?

It is the search engines that finally bring your website to the notice of the prospective customers. Hence it is better to know how these search engines actually work and how they present information to the customer initiating a search.

There are basically two types of search engines. The first is by robots called crawlers or spiders.

Search Engines use spiders to index websites. When you submit your website pages to a search engine by completing their required submission page, the search engine spider will index your entire site. A ‘spider’ is an automated program that is run by the search engine system. Spider visits a web site, read the content on the actual site, the site's Meta tags and also follow the links that the site connects. The spider then returns all that information back to a central depository, where the data is indexed. It will visit each link you have on your website and index those sites as well. Some spiders will only index a certain number of pages on your site, so don’t create a site with 500 pages!

The spider will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that has changed. The frequency with which this happens is determined by the moderators of the search engine.

Example: Excite, Lycos, AltaVista and Google.

When you ask a search engine to locate information, it is actually searching through the index which it has created and not actually searching the Web. Different search engines produce different rankings because not every search engine uses the same algorithm to search through the indices.

One of the things that a search engine algorithm scans for is the frequency and location of keywords on a web page, but it can also detect artificial keyword stuffing or spamdexing. Then the algorithms analyze the way that pages link to other pages in the Web. By checking how pages link to each other, an engine can both determine what a page is about, if the keywords of the linked pages are similar to the keywords on the original page.

1. Duck Duck Go

At first, DuckDuckGo.com looks like Google. But there are many subtleties that make this spartan search engine different. DuckDuckGo has some slick features, like 'zero-click' information (all your answers are found on the first results page). DuckDuckgo offers disambiguation prompts (helps to clarify what question you are really asking). And the ad spam is much less than Google. Give DuckDuckGo.com a try... you might really like this clean and simple search engine.

Visit DuckDuckGo here

2. Ask (aka 'Ask Jeeves')

The Ask/AJ/Ask Jeeves search engine is a longtime name in the World Wide Web. The super-clean interface rivals the other major search engines, and the search options are as good as Google or Bing or DuckDuckGo. The results groupings are what really make Ask.com stand out. The presentation is arguably cleaner and easier to read than Google or Yahoo! or Bing, and the results groups seem to be more relevant. Decide for yourself if you agree... give Ask.com a whirl, and compare it to the other search engines you like.

Visit Ask here

 

3. The Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is a favorite destination for longtime Web lovers. The Archive has been taking snapshots of the entire World Wide Web for years now, allowing you and me to travel back in time to see what a web page looked like in 1999, or what the news was like around Hurricane Katrina in 2005. You won't visit the Archive daily, like you would Google or Yahoo or Bing, but when you do have need to travel back in time, use this search site.

Visit the Internet Archive here

 

4. Yippy (formerly 'Clusty')

Yippy is a Deep Web engine that searches other search engines for you. Unlike the regular Web, which is indexed by robot spider programs, Deep Web pages are usually harder to locate by conventional search. That's where Yippy becomes very useful. If you are searching for obscure hobby interest blogs, obscure government information, tough-to-find obscure news, academic research and otherwise-obscure content, then Yippy is your tool.

Visit Yippy/Clusty here

 

5. Yahoo!

Yahoo! is several things: it is a search engine, a news aggregator, a shopping center, an emailbox, a travel directory, a horoscope and games center, and more. This 'web portal' breadth of choice makes this a very helpful site for Internet beginners. Searching the Web should also be about discovery and exploration, and Yahoo! delivers that in wholesale quantities.

Visit Yahoo! here

 

Help & Support Thai flooding

1.Donate money for flooding victims
2.Donate consumer goods.
3.Declare the news to people

Chapter6

Example of Report:

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/CILL/reports.htm

Example of Citation:

http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/legacylib/mlahcc.html

chapter 5

Shelter (2011)

Chapter3

Library of Congress Classification

The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries, for example, Australia and Taiwan, R.O.C. It is not to be confused with the Library of Congress Subject Headings or Library of Congress Control Number. Most public libraries and small academic libraries continue to use the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC).

                         

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification

Dewey Decimal Classification

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system is the world’s most widely used library classification system. The 23rd edition of the DDC enhances the efficiency and accuracy of your classification work in ways no previous editions have done.

You can use the DDC in several convenient formats. The four-volume print edition includes thousands of updates added to the system over the past seven years. The electronic version, WebDewey, enhances the print updates with online delivery that is updated continuously. And the Abridged Edition 14, also available in print and online, is a simplified version perfect for smaller collections. Whether you choose the print or electronic format (or both), DDC 23 makes it easier than ever to organize your library collections.

The DDC evolves continually to keep up with recorded knowledge. You can find news about DDC developments in several ways, including a semiannual DDC newsletter, DDC 

conferences and workshops, OCLC Newsletter articles and case studies.

 http://www.oclc.org/dewey/                  

Link

The Library of congress website http://www.loc.gov/index.html

The British Library http://www.bl.uk/

Thai National Library http://www.nlt.go.th/

Sripatum University Library http://library.spu.ac.th/e-library/index4.html

ASEAN Community Website http://www.asean.org/

Chapter2

objective facts

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, designed by Frédéric Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886. The statue, a gift to the United States from the people of France, is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue has become an icon of freedom and of the United States.
Bartholdi was inspired by French law professor and politician Édouard René de Laboulaye, who commented in 1865 that any monument raised to American independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples. Due to the troubled political situation in France, work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s. In 1875, Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the Americans provide the pedestal and the site. Bartholdi completed both the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions. The arm was displayed in New York's Madison Square Park from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened due to lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer of the World started a drive for donations to complete the project, and the campaign inspired over 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was constructed in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.
The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service. The statue was closed for renovation for much of 1938. In the early 1980s, it was found to have deteriorated to such an extent that a major restoration was required. While the statue was closed from 1984 to 1986, the torch and a large part of the internal structure were replaced. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, it was closed for reasons of safety and security; the pedestal reopened in 2004 and the statue in 2009, with limits on the number of visitors allowed to ascend to the crown. The statue is scheduled to close for up to a year beginning on October 29, 2011, so that a secondary staircase and other safety features can be installed; Liberty Island and the concrete pedestal will remain open. Public access to the balcony surrounding the torch has been barred for safety reasons since 1916.

Subjective opinions

Solo As A Side Dish

I have had an ongoing correspondence with a ‘friend’ whom I’ve never met but feel I can call her ‘friend’ because we have been exchanging intimate, thoughtful, and fun conversations on the phone and through e-mail for a few years, and she continues to have an interesting professional trajectory.  At one point, while doing document review, she was planning to go solo. During the planning and networking phase a truly fabulous legal job landed in her lap. (Yes, when you start acting like a peer instead of a subordinate, job opportunities surface!)

She took the job which offered opportunity, security, benefits and tremendous flexibility during her work week which dove-tailed very nicely with her life goals.  Even with this economic turmoil she was also just promoted.

When we corresponded last week she said she was really itching to practice the kind of law she wanted to practice in addition to her full time job.  She saw starting her solo practice as a ‘side dish’, not the main course.  This really got me to thinking about how often we tell people to hold onto their jobs until they can go solo as the ‘main dish’ never contemplating people may very well be happy with their current jobs but want to also have a ‘side dish’ practice 

There are some who would say you can’t have a solo practice as a side dish and do it effectively.  They could be right if they saw the  ‘side dish’ solo practice as just a stepping stone to becoming the ‘main course’ solo practice.  However, this isn’t her goal. She just wants to take a few select cases when she chooses while maintaining her current job. I say, ‘why not?’

In her particular situation, she is constantly approached about a very niched area of practice having to do with family formation catering to a particular ethnic group and sexual orientation.  Couldn’t get nich-ier than that! It is also purely transactional and doesn’t require normal working hours or a court schedule.  I personally believe this type of transactional work is best if you’re doing solo as a side dish.

The nice thing about this approach is she will have a built in Plan B should her job somehow evaporate.  But her goal isn’t to build her practice into a full time operation.  Her goal is simply to have a solo practice in addition to her current full time job and on her terms representing just the people she wants to represent.  There are no external pressures other than her desire to have a client base of her choosing in an area of law she is drawn to and will enjoy.

_________________________________________

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty
http://solopracticeuniversity.com/2011/02/14/solo-as-a-side-dish/

Chapter1

data,information,knowledge,wisdom 

data
The term data refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data, i.e. unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols.
Information...
information is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection. This "meaning" can be useful, but does not have to be. In computer parlance, a relational database makes information from the data stored within it.

Knowledge

Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, that can include facts, descriptions, information, and/or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); and it can be more or less formal or systematic. In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology, and the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief." There is however no single agreed upon definition of knowledge, and there are numerous theories to explain it.
 

Wisdom

Wisdom is a deep understanding and realizing of people, things, events or situations, resulting in the ability to choose or act or inspire to consistently produce the optimum results with a minimum of time, energy or thought. It is the ability to optimally (effectively and efficiently) apply perceptions and knowledge and so produce the desired results. Wisdom is also the comprehension of what is true or right coupled with optimum judgment as to action. Synonyms include: sagacity, discernment, or insight. Wisdom often requires control of one's emotional reactions (the "passions") so that one's principles, reason and knowledge prevail to determine one's actions.

What is good information ?

Information good in economics and law is a type commodity whose main market value is derived from the information it contains. It may also include services (information services). The typical examples of information goods include a CD containing pieces of music, a DVD containing a movie, a computer file which is a piece of program, a book containing short stories, and so on.

In information goods, the valuable part is a pattern in which the material is arranged - the arrangement of ink on paper, paint on canvas, magnetic elements on a tape, a series of dents (pits) on a compact disc, etc. Those patterns might be either directly consumed by humans (through reading, viewing, etc.) or may be used to operate other devices such as a cassette player or a computer. The working of device, in turn, may produce some consumable pattern of information (such as visual, sound, or text), another pattern for the use of other devices, or both.

Information goods are often contrasted with material goods such as clothes, food, and cars. The market values of these goods typically rely on both the nature of material and its arrangements. When a car is made of wood instead of metals, for example, the market value of the car would be very limited.

   

What is poor information ?
☀ lrrelevant information is of little value when it is too old of out-of-data to be relevant to the users need. 

☀ Swamping It is not helpful when information is too voluminous to allow any sense to be made of it. It is the quality of information is important. not the quantity

☀ Unclear information is poor when it is not presented in a way that will facilitate a decision . 

☀ Not all threw If information is incomplete. it may fail to provide a clear sense of the entirety of problem.

  Sources of information

 "Source" means the origin of something. An information source is a source of information for somebody, i.e. anything that might inform a person about something or provide knowledge to somebody. Information sources may be observations, people, speeches, documents, pictures, organizations etc. They may be primary sources, secondary sources, tertiary sources and so on. Empiricism regards sense data as the ultimate information sources, while other epistemologies have different views (cf., source criticism).

  What is Information Literacy? 

❣ Information Literacy is the ability to identify what information is needed, understand how the information is organized, identify the best sources of information for a given need, locate those sources, evaluate the sources critically, and share that information. It is the knowledge of commonly used research techniques.

   What is Information Overload? 

Information overload is a description given to the phenomenon where so much information is taken in by the human brain that it becomes nearly impossible to process it. Alvin Toffler, an academic from Russia, is credited with coining the term. Since the term was first used, it has become very popular, especially in the computer age, though some say information overload is more a time and presentation issue, than an actual data issue.

Value of information

information comes to us in a myriad of forms and from a variety of sources including 

books. videos television. online databases. billboards. web sites. news papers. people

and more. 
Users of information

ஐ There are many kinds of information users in the modern world, not just personal users. They including users in: 

☀Business and industry

☀education

☀research and development

☀entertainment

  Business and industry 

 Businesses need information about their industry and trade for comparison generation of new ideas and motivation. Thy need to be able to track competitors and follow trends and markets. Gaining an edge in information is crucial to corporate success. so it is vital to be able to access information quickly and efficiently. Success in business hinges on the quality of analysis and effective use of available information. The information needs to be accurate. up-to-date and supplied quickly.

What is mind map ? 
❤ A mind map is a graphical way to represent ideas and concepts. It is a visual thinking tool that helps structuring information, helping you to better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new ideas.

  Just as in every great idea, its power lies in its simplicity.
  In a mind map, as opposed to traditional note taking or a linear text, information is structured in a way that resembles much more closely how your brain actually works. Since it is an activity that is both analytical and artistic, it engages your brain in a much, much richer way, helping in all its cognitive functions. And, best of all, it is fun!

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NATNICHA  54039202
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data
http://www.systems-thinking.org/dikw/dikw.htm                                              http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_good                                       

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_source                              

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